Nepal's wetlands are a sanctuary for over 25% of the nation's endangered birds and several aquatic plants and rank among the world's most productive ecosystems. Approximately 5% of Nepal's landmass is home to these habitats, inhabited by diverse bird populations due to the rich biodiversity. Some of the renowned wetlands in Nepal include Rara Lake in the Himalayas, Beeshazar Tal (Twenty Thousand Lakes) in eastern Terai, Fewa Lake in Pokhara, and more. Recently, Betana Wetlands in Morang District of Eastern Nepal has gained national and international attention, previously known mainly as a regional tourist attraction.
Location and Geography
Betana wetland can be found in Belbari municipality within Morang district at an elevation of 123 meters above sea level. This freshwater pond spans 5.5 hectares and is situated fifteen kilometers from Itahari city and just one kilometer from Belbari bazaar. Sal forests encircle the area to the east, north, and west, with the East-West Highway (Mahendra highway) to its south, making it easily accessible to locals, passersby vehicles, and tourists.
During the dry season, Betana Pond has a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 meters which increases to between 1 and 2.5 meters when monsoon arrives. The region showcases a tropical monsoon climate with distinguishable winter, summer, and rainy seasons, an average temperature of 24.6°C, and yearly rainfall measuring at 2256 mm – mainly occurring between June-August.
The wetland's forested regions are primarily composed of Sal trees (Shorea robusta), followed by Khair-Sissoo (Acacia catechu- Dalbergia sissoo), and mixed forests. Grassland flora comprises a mixture of wetland herbs and moist grass species, commonly including Imperata cylindrica, Cyperus papyrus, Digitariya ciliaris, Bulbostylis barbata, Erasgrostis tentella, Cyperus totundus, Polygonum spp., and more.
What Sets Betana Apart?
The picturesque Betana wetland boasts a lake surrounded by saal trees (shorearobusta) and provides shelter to various endangered plant and animal species found in Nepal. Studies have discovered nearly 100 aquatic plant species from different genera and families present in the area, which helps to naturally filter the water while also supplying nourishment and habitat to numerous aquatic creatures. Furthermore, around 49 bird species have been observed in the region, belonging to 30 families and 15 orders. Most of these birds come from the Passimores order, along with some Coraciformes and Pelicaniformes.
In 2022, researchers discovered a critically endangered Black Softshell Turtle living in Betana Wetland. The turtle had long resided there but was initially mistaken for a type of Peacock Turtle. Upon official identification in August 2023, it was confirmed that this rare turtle is indeed part of the Black Softshell family. Its natural habitats are primarily found in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. This significant finding aids in the turtle's conservation while simultaneously promoting awareness of Betana Wetland on both national and international levels.
A separate study conducted in eastern Nepal's Betana pond documented arthropods living within its waters. Numerous mammals also reside here as proof of the thriving wetland ecosystem.
A Haven for Nature Lovers
If you're looking to escape the hustle and bustle of city life, Betana Wetland is the perfect sanctuary. With soothing bird songs and soft whispers of leaves, this serene environment provides a calming space to relax and unwind. Although primarily known among locals as a peaceful spot to appreciate nature, engage in rejuvenating recreation, and enjoy boating or picnicking, fishing is strictly prohibited within the area. However, you can still feed fish! Whether you're a passionate birdwatcher, seeking a quiet boat ride, or just longing for a tranquil walk through nature, Betana has something to offer everyone.
Protecting the Beauty of Betana
Nepal is home to close to 900 bird species, of which around 230 are wetland-dependent. 42 of these wetland birds are listed on the IUCN Red List as globally threatened and another 167 as nationally threatened. Betana Wetland with close to 49 bird species is also not untouched by this. Its popularity as a local picnic site and recreational venue has led to issues with bird habitat preservation, breeding, and feeding activities. Additionally, the collection of firewood and grazing represent significant human-induced disturbances in the area.
Nevertheless, numerous initiatives are underway to protect this haven – from local communities teaming up with government organizations and NGOs to combat pollution, illegal encroachment, and overfishing. Every stakeholder is committed to ensuring that future generations can continue to cherish the remarkable beauty of Betana.